.NET/ASP.NET/C#/VB.NET PDF Document SDK

Python, all attributes are publicly available, but programmers should still be careful about accessing an object s state directly, since they might unwittingly make the state inconsistent in some way. Inheritance. One class may be the subclass of one or more other classes. The subclass then inherits all the methods of the superclasses. You can use more than one superclass, and this feature can be used to compose orthogonal pieces of functionality. A common way of implementing this is using a core superclass along with one or more mix-in superclasses. Interfaces and introspection. In general, you don t want to prod an object too deeply. You rely on polymorphism, and call the methods you need. However, if you want to find out what methods or attributes an object has, there are functions that will do the job for you. Object-oriented design. There are many opinions about how (or whether!) to do objectoriented design. No matter where you stand on the issue, it s important to understand your problem thoroughly, and to create a design that is easy to understand.

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In an empty project it contains a basic text file called README_FOR_APP, which you can use as a plain-text documentation file, perhaps to contain instructions for others on how to install your app lib: Contains third-party libraries and Rake tasks You won t need to use this directory at all for most Rails application development Plugins have largely superseded the features offered by libraries that were placed into lib log: Contains log files relating to the operation of the application public: Contains nondynamic files that are accessible under your application s URL scheme; for example, JavaScript libraries, images, and CSS stylesheets This folder also includes several dispatch files and an htaccess file that make it possible to set up your application to run under Web servers such as Apache and LightTPD script: Contains scripts and command line tools that are used in constructing and deploying Rails applications.

console is an irb-like tool that preloads your Rails application s environment before giving you a prompt generate is a script that can generate certain types of Rails code for you from templates server is used to run a basic WEBrick or LightTPD server you can use to access your application from a Web browser The other scripts are not of any immediate use to you test: Contains the test subsystems for a Rails application This folder is covered in more detail later in this chapter in the Testing section tmp: Temporary storage area for data created and used by your Rails application vendor: This folder is used for storing versions of the Rails framework that your application is bound to, and for storing plugins (under the vendor/plugins directory)..

view is not used the off-screen text box below is empty the slide area becomes the single place to hold both spoken words and projected images.

I ll briefly mention many of these folders again throughout the rest of the chapter as you create files within them to get your basic application working.

Earlier I said that Rails applications are generally database dependent. With this in mind, it s necessary to create a database for your application on your database server. The technique you ll use to create a database for your application will vary with database type and how you have your database server installed. In this section I ll assume you have a MySQL server installed and have either downloaded a tool you can use to manage MySQL databases or have access to the standard MySQL command line client.

callable(object) getattr(object, name[, default]) hasattr(object, name) isinstance(object, class) issubclass(A, B) random.choice(sequence) setattr(object, name, value) type(object)

Placing all information on the slide area results in an overwhelming amount of information on the slide.

Note If you re using a different type of database, you must refer to the documentation and programs

associated with your database system and look up how to create a database and a log in to that database on your system.

When the text on screen is the same as what is narrated, it creates redundancy that reduces understanding. The busy slide splits attention from the speaker s narration.

From the command line MySQL client, it s quick and easy to create a database. Here s an example session showing you how to create a database and associate it with a username and password for future access:

Determines if the object is callable (such as a function or a method) Gets the value of an attribute, optionally providing a default Determines if the object has the given attribute Determines if the object is an instance of the class Determines if A is a subclass of B Chooses a random element from a non-empty sequence Sets the given attribute of the object to value Returns the type of the object